African Diaspora Archaeology Network title image

world map menu

Archaeology and
African Diasporas in the New World

dividing bar


A Partial Bibliography

Adams, E. (1994). Religion and Freedom: Artifacts Indicate that African Culture Persisted Even in Slavery. African-American Archaeology 11: 1-2.

Adams, N. P. (2007). The "Cymbee" Water Spirits of St. John's Berkeley. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter June 2007.

Agbe-Davies, A. S. (2007). Practicing African American Archaeology in the Atlantic World. In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Agorsah, E. K. (ed.). (1994). Maroon Heritage. University of the West Indies Press.

Agorsah, E. K. (2007). Scars of Brutality: Archaeology of the Maroons in the Caribbean. In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Alexander, J. (2001). Islam, Archaeology and Slavery in Africa. World Archaeology 33(1): 44-60.

Allen, R. M. (2007). Di ki manera? A Social History of Afro-Curaçaoans, 1863-1917. SWP Publishers, Amsterdam.

Anthony, C. (1976). The Big House and the Slave Quarters, Part I: Prelude to New World Architecture. Landscape 21 (1): 8-19.

Armstrong, D. A. (2003). Creole Transformation from Slavery to Freedom: Historical Archaeology of the East End Community, St. John, Virgin Island. University Press of Florida.

Armstrong, D. (2000). Settlement Patterns and the Origins of African Jamaican Society: Seville Plantation, St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica. Ethnohistory 47(2): 369-394.

Armstrong, D. (1990). The Old Village and the Great House. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois.

Ascher, R. and C. Fairbanks. (1971). Excavation of a Slave Cabin: Georgia, U.S.A. Historical Archaeology 5: 3-17.

Babson, D. W. (1987). Plantation Ideology and the Archaeology of Racism: Evidence from the Tanner Road Site 38BK416), Berkeley County, South Carolina. South Carolina Antiquities 19(1&2): 35-48.

Bacon, A. M., and Herron, L. (1896). Conjuring and Conjure-Doctors in the Southern United States. Journal of American Folklore 9: 143-47.

Balandier, G. (1968). Daily Life in the Kingdom of the Kongo: From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., London; translated from the French by Weaver, H.

Balandier, G., and Maquet, J. (1974). Dictionary of Black African Civilization. Leon Amiel, New York.

Benjamin, R. P. (2007). The Development of the International Slavery Museum. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Dec. 2007.

Bennett, H. (2003). Africans in Colonial Mexico: Absolutism, Christianity, and Afro-Creole Consciousness, 1570-1640. Blacks in the Diaspora Series. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

Barrett, L. (1977). African Religion in the Americas: The "Islands in Between." In Booth, N. S., Jr. (ed.), African Religions: A Symposium. NOK Publishers, New York, pp. 183-215.

Battle-Baptiste, W. (2007). "In This Here Place": Interpreting Enslaved Homeplaces. In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Beaudry, M. C., and E. P. Berkland (2007). Archaeology of the African Meeting House on Nantucket. In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Berlin, I. (1996). From Creole to African: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African-American Society in Mainland North America. William & Mary Quarterly (3d series) 53(2): 251-288.

Berlin, I. (1998). Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Berlin, I., and P. Morgan. (eds.) (1993). Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Blassingame, J. W. (1972). The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South. Oxford University Press, New York.

Blouet, H. (2007). Grave Site Identification on St. John, Virgin Islands: The Use of Grave Markers and Commemorative Space during the Danish Colonial Period. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Dec. 2007.

Bograd, M. D. and Singleton, T. A. (1997). The Interpretation of Slavery: Mount Vernon, Monticello, and Colonial Williamsburg. In Jameson, J. H., Jr. (ed.), Presenting Archaeology to the Public: Digging for Truths. Alta Mira Press, Walnut Creek, California.

Brown, K. L. (1994). Material Culture and Community Structure: The Slave and Tenant Community at Levi Jordan's Plantation, 1848-1892. In Hudson, L. E., Jr. (ed.), Working Toward Freedom: Slave Society and Domestic Economy in the American South. University of Rochester Press, Rochester, New York, pp. 95-118.

Brown, K. L. (2001). Interwoven Traditions: Archaeology of the Conjurer's Cabins and the African American Cemetery at the Jordan and Frogmore Plantations. Paper presented at the Conference entitled: Places of Cultural Memory: African Reflections on the American Landscape, Atlanta, Georgia.

Brown, K. L., and Cooper, D. C. (1990). Structural Continuity in an African-American Slave and Tenant Community. Historical Archaeology 24(4): 7-19.

Brown, K. M. (1976). The "Veve" of Haitian Vodou: A Structural Analysis of Visual Imagery. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Temple University, UMI, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Brown, K. N., and Brown, K. L. (1998). Archaeology and Spirituality: The Conjurer/Midwife and the Praise House/Church at the Levi Jordan Plantation. Paper presented at the Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, January, 1998.

Browne, K. E. (2004). Creole Economics: Caribbean Cunning Under the French Flag. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.

Bullen, A. K. and R. P. Bullen. (1945). Black Lucy's Garden. Bulletin of Massachusetts Archaeological Society 6: 17-28.

Butler, J. (1990). Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Cabak, M. A., and M. D. Groover (2004). Plantations without Pillars: Archaeology, Wealth and Material Life at Bush Hill. (Volume I). Savannah River Archaeological Research Program, South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology: University of South Carolina.

Carney, J. A. (1998). The Role of African Rice and Slaves in the History of Rice Cultivation in the Americas. Human Ecology 26(4): 525-545.

Carson, C., N. Barka, W. M. Kelso, G. W. Stone, and D. Upton. (1981). Impermanent Architecture in the Southern American Colonies. Winterthur Porfolio 16(2/3): 135-196.

Carvalho, A. V. (2007). Archeological Perspectives of Palmares: A Maroon Settlement in 17th century Brazil. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter March 2007.

Chambers, D. B. (2005). Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, MS.

Chan, A. A. (2007). Bringing the Out Kitchen In? The Experiential Landscapes of Black and White New England. In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Cochran, M. D., L. Kraus, and M. P. Leone (2007). Wye House Archaeology. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Sept. 2007.

Cohen, A. P. (ed.) (2000). Signifying Identities: Anthropological Perspectives on Boundaries and Contested Values. Routledge, London.

Combes, J. D. (1974). Ethnography, Archaeology and Burial Practices among Coastal South Carolina Blacks. Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology-1972 7: 52-61.

Coplin, J., and C. Matthews (2007). The Archaeology of Captivity and Freedom at Joseph Lloyd Manor. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Dec. 2007.

Corruccini, R., J. Handler, R. Mutaw, and F. Lange. (1982). Osteology of a Slave Burial Population from Barbados, West Indies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 59: 443-459.

Corzo, G. L. R. (2003). Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression. Translated by M. Todd. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

Cox, B. (2007). The Archaeology of the Allensworth Hotel: Negotiating the System in Jim Crow America. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Sept. 2007.

Crader, D. C. (1990). Slave Diet at Monticello. American Antiquity 55(4): 690-717.

Creel, M. W. (1988). A Peculiar People: Slave Religion and Community Culture among the Gullahs. New York University Press, New York.

Curet, L., S. Dawdy, and G. Corzo, eds. (2005). Dialogues in Cuban Archaeology. University Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

Curtin, P. D. (1969). The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

Curto, J. C., and Soulodre-La France, R. (eds.) (2005). Africa and the Americas: Interconnections during the Slave Trade. Africa World Press, Asmara and Trenton, NJ.

Cuthrell-Curry, M. (2000). African-derived Religion in the African-American Community in the United States. In Olupona, J. K. (ed.), African Spirituality: Forms, Meanings, and Expressions. Crossroad Publishing, New York, pp. 450-466.

Davidson, J. M., E. Roberts, and C. Rooney (2006). 2006 Excavations at Kingsley Plantation, Florida. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Sept. 2006.

Davis, D. (2006). Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. Oxford University Press, New York.

Deagan, K., and MacMahon, D. (1995). Fort Mose: Colonial America's Black Fortress of Freedom. University Press of Florida.

DeCorse, C. R. (1999). Oceans Apart: Africanist Perspective on Diaspora Archaeology. In Singleton, T. A. (ed.), "I, Too, Am America:" Archaeological Studies of African-American Life. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, pp. 132-155.

Deetz, J. (1976). Black Settlement at Plymouth. Archaeology 29: 207.

Deetz, J. (1993). Flowerdew Hundred: The Archaeology of a Virginia Plantation, 1619-1864. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville.

Deetz, J. (1995). Cultural Dimensions of Ethnicity in the Archaeological Record. Keynote Address presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology, Washington, D.C., January, 1995.

Deetz, J. (1996). In Small Things Forgotten: An Archaeology of Early American Life. Anchor Books, New York.

Deetz, K. (2006). Gender and Resistance at North Bend Plantation. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter March 2006.

Delle, J. A. (1999). The Landscape of Class Negotiation on Coffee Plantations in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica: 1790-1850. Historical Archaeology 33(1):136-158.

Delle, J. A., Mrozowski, S. A., and Paynter R. (eds.) (2000) Lines that Divide: Historical Archaeologies of Race, Class, and Gender. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

Denbow, J. (1999). Heart and Soul: Glimpses of Ideology and Cosmology in the Iconography of Tombstones from the Loango Coast of Central America. Journal of American Folklore 112(445): 404-423.

Dixon, K. J. (2006). Archaeology of the Boston Saloon, Virginia City, Nevada. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter June 2006.

Drucker, L. M. (1981). Socio-Economic Patterning at an Undocumented Late 18th Century Low Country Site: Spiers Landing, South Carolina. Historical Archaeology 12(2): 58-69.

DuBois, L. (2004). A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787-1804. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

Dunaway, W. (2003). Slavery in the American Mountain South. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Edwards-Ingram, Y. (2005). Medicating Slavery: Motherhood, Health Care, and Cultural Practices in the African Diaspora. Ph.D. Dissertation, American Studies Doctoral Program, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Eltis, D. (2000). The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas. Cambridge University Press.

Eltis, D. (2001). The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment. William & Mary Quarterly (3d series) 58 (1): 17-46.

Espenshade, C. (2007a). A River of Doubt: Marked Colonoware, Underwater Sampling, and Questions of Inference. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter March 2007.

Espenshade, C. (2007b). Building on Joseph's Model of Market-Bound Colonoware Pottery. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Sept. 2007.

Fabian, J. (1985). Religious Pluralism: An Ethnographic Approach. In van Binsbergen, W., and Schoffleers, M. (eds.), Theoretical Explorations in African Religion. KPI Limited, London, pp. 138-163.

Fairbanks, C. (1962). A Colono-Indian Ware Milk Pitcher. Florida Anthropologist 15(4).

Fairbanks, C. (1974). The Kingsley Slave Cabins in Duvall County, Florida, 1968. Conference on Historic Site Archaeology Papers 7: 62-93.

Fairbanks, C. (1976). Spaniards, Planters, Ships and Slaves: Historical Archaeology in Florida and Georgia. Archaeology 29: 164-172.

Fairbanks, C. (1977). Backyard Archaeology as a Research Strategy. Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Papers 11: 133-139.

Fairbanks, C. (1984). The Plantation Archaeology of the Southeastern Coast. Historical Archaeology 18(1): 1-15.

Faloloa, T., and M. Childs, eds. (2005). The Yoruba Diaspora in the Atlantic World. University Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

Fennell, C. C. (2000). Conjuring Boundaries: Inferring Past Identities from Religious Artifacts. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 4(4): 281-313.

Fennell, C. C. (2003a). Group Identity, Individual Creativity and Symbolic Generation in a BaKongo Diaspora. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 7(1): 1-31.

Fennell, C. C. (2003b). Consuming Mosaics: Mass-Produced Goods and Contours of Choice in the Upper Potomac Region. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia. UMI, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Fennell, C. C. (2007a). Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Fennell, C. C. (2007b). BaKongo Identity and Symbolic Expressions in the Americas. In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Fennell, C. C. (2007c). Multivalent Symbols of an Enclosing Hand. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Dec. 2007.

Ferguson, L. G. (1980). Looking for the Afro in Colono-Indian Pottery. In Archaeological Perspectives on Ethnicity in America. R. L. Schuyler, ed. New York: Baywood Press, pp. 14-28.

Ferguson, L. G. (1985). Struggling with Pots in Colonial South Carolina. Paper presented at the 18th Annual Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Boston.

Ferguson, L. G. (1989). Lowcountry Plantations, the Catawba Nation and River Burnished Pottery. In Studies in South Carolina Archaeology, Essays in Honor of Robert L. Stephenson, Albert C. Goodyear III and Glen T. Hanson eds. Anthropological Studies 9, Occasional Papers of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina.

Ferguson, L. G. (1992). Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Ferguson, L. G. (1998). Early African-American Pottery in South Carolina: A Complicated Plainware. Paper presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Seattle, Washington, March 25, 1998.

Ferguson, L. G. (1999). "The Cross is a Magic Sign:" Marks on Eighteenth-century Bowls from South Carolina. In Singleton, T. A. (ed.), "I, Too, Am America:" Archaeological Studies of African-American Life. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, pp. 116-131.

Ferguson, L. (2007a). Comments on Espenshade's A River of Doubt: Marked Colonoware, Underwater Sampling, and Questions of Inference. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter March 2007.

Ferguson, L. G. (2007b). Early African-American Pottery in South Carolina: A Complicated Plainware. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter June 2007.

Ford, J. A.(1937). An Archaeological Report on the Elizafield Ruins. In Georgia's Disputed Ruins. E. Merton Coulter, ed. Chapel Hill: Unversity of North Carolina Press, pp. 193-205.

Franklin, M. (1997). Out of Site, Out of Mind: The Archaeology of an Enslaved Virginian Household, ca. 1740-1778. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley. UMI, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Franklin, M., and Fesler, G. (1999). The Exploration of Ethnicity and the Historical Archaeological Record. In Franklin, M., and Fesler, G. (eds.), Historical Archaeology, Identity Formation, and the Interpretation of Ethnicity. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia, pp. 1-10.

Frost, K. S. (2007). "I've Got a Home in Glory Land:" A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.

Funari, P. P. (2007). The Archaeological Study of the African Diaspora in Brazil. In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Galke, L. J. (2000a). Did the Gods of Africa Die? A Re-examination of a Carroll House Crystal Assemblage. North American Archaeologist 21(1): 19-33.

Galke, L. J. (2000b). "Free within Ourselves:" African American Landscapes at Manassas Battlefield Park. In Clarence R. Geier and Stephen R. Potter (eds.), Archaeological Perspectives on the Civil War. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 253-269.

Galle, J., and A. Young, eds. (2004). Engendering African American Archaeology: A Southern Perspective. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee.

Garrow, P. H. (1981). Investigations of Yaughan and Curriboo Plantations. Paper presented at the 14th Annual Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, New Orleans.

Garrow, P. H. (1985). Evidence for Aculturation at Yaughan and Curriboo Plantations. Paper presented at Seminar on Problems and Promises in Plantation Research, Charleston.

Garrow, P. H. and T. R. Wheaton. (1989). Colono Ware Ceramics: the Evidence From Yaughan and Curriboo Plantations. In Studies in South Carolina Archaeology, Essays in Honor of Robert L. Stephenson, Albert C. Goodyear III and Glen T. Hanson eds. Anthropological Studies 9, Occasional Papers of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina.

Gartley, R. T. (1979). Afro-Cruzan Pottery -- a New Style of Colonial Earthenware From St.Croix. Journal of the Virgin Islands Archaeological Society 8: 47-61.

Genovese, E. (1976). Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. Vintage Books, New York.

Gibbs, T., C. Cargill, L. Lieberman, and E. Reitz. (1980). Nutrition in a Slave Population: an Anthropological Examination. Medical Anthropology 4: 175-262.

Gomez, M. A. (1998). Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

Gomez, M. A. (2005). Reversing Sail: A History of the African Diaspora. New Approaches to African History Series. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Gomez, M. A., ed. (2005). Diasporic Africa: A Reader. New York University Press.

Goucher, C. L. (2007). African Metallurgy in the Atlantic World. In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Griffith, R. M., and Savage, B. D. (eds.) (2006). Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

Gundaker, G. (1998). Signs of Diaspora, Diaspora of Signs: Literacies, Creolization, and Vernacular Practices in African America. Oxford University Press, New York.

Gundaker, G. (2000). Creolization, Complexity and Time. Historical Archaeology 34(3): 124-133.

Gundaker, G., and J. McWillie, eds. (2005). No Space Hidden: The Spirit of African American Yard Work. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee.

Hall, G. (2005). Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

Hand, W. D. (ed.) (1964). The Frank C. Brown Collection of North Carolina Folklore, Volume VII. Duke University Press, Durham, North carolina.

Handler, J. S. (1969). The Amerindian Slave Population of Barbados in the 17th and early 18th Centuries. Caribbean Studies 8: 38-64.

Handler, J. S. (1972). An Archaeological Investigation of the Domestic Life of Slaves in Barbados. Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society 24: 64-72.

Handler, J. S. (1974). The Unappropriated People: Freedmen in the Slave Society of Barbados. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Handler, J. S. (1983). An African Pipe from a Slave Cemetery in Barbados, West Indies. In The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe, Vol III: America. P.Davey, ed. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 175: 245-254.

Handler, J. S. (1996). A Prone Burial from a Plantation Slave Cemetery in Barbados, West Indies: Possible Evidence for an African-type Witch or Other Negatively Viewed Person. Historical Archaeology 30(3): 76-86.

Handler, J. S. (2000). Slave Medicine and Obeah in Barbados, circa 1650 to 1834. New West Indian Guide 74: 57-80.

Handler, J. S. (2006). On the Transportation of Material Goods by Enslaved Africans During the Middle Passage: Preliminary Findings from Documentary Sources. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Dec. 2006.

Handler, J. S. (2007). From Cambay in India to Barbados in the Caribbean: Two Unique Beads from a Plantation Slave Cemetery. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter March 2007.

Handler, J., R. Corruccini, and R. Mutaw. (1982). Tooth Mutilation in the Caribbean: Evidence from a Slave Burial Population in Barbados. Journal of Human Evolution 11: 297-313.

Handler, J., and R. Corruccini. (1983). Plantation Slave Life in Barbados: a Physical Anthropological Analysis. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14: 65-90.

Handler, J. S., and F. W. Lange (1978). Plantation Slavery in Barbados. Harvard University Press.

Handler, J. S. and F. W. Lange (2006). On Interpreting Slave Status from Archaeological Remains. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter June 2006.

Handler, J., F. Lange, and C. Orser, Jr. (1979). Carnelian Beads in Necklaces from a Slave Cemetery in Barbados, West Indies. Ornament 4: 15-18.

Handler, J. S., and N. Norman (2007). From West Africa to Barbados: A Rare Pipe from a Plantation Slave Cemetery. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Sept. 2007.

Harding, V. (1997). Religion and resistance among antebellum slaves, 1800-1860. In Fulop, T. E., and Raboteau, A. J. (eds.), African-American Religion: Interpretive Essays in History and Culture. Routledge, New York, pp. 108-130.

Harrison, F. V. (2006). Commentary: Building on a Rehistoricized Anthropology of the Afro-Atlantic. In Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, K. Yelvington, K., ed. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.

Harvey, P. (2005). Freedom's Coming: Religious Culture and the Shaping of the South from the Civil War through the Civil Rights Era. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

Hauser, M. W. (2007). Between Urban and Rural: Organization and Distribution of Local Pottery in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica. In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Haviser, J. (ed.) (1999). African Sites Archaeology in the Caribbean. Markus Weiner, Amsterdam.

Haviser, J. B., and MacDonald, K. C. (eds.) (2006). African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora. UCL Press, London and Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA.

Heath, B. J. (1988). Afro-Caribbean Ware: A Study of Ethnicity on St. Eustatius. Ph.D. Dissertation, American Civilization, University of Pennsylvania.

Heath, B. J. (1999). Hidden Lives: The Archaeology of Slave Life at Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville.

Heath, B. J. and Bennett, A. (2000). "The little Spots allow'd them": The Archaeological Study of African-American Yards. Historical Archaeology 34(1): 38-55.

Herskovits, M. J. (1941). The Myth of the Negro Past. Beacon Press, Boston.

Hicks, D., McAtackney, L., and Fairclough, G. (2007). Envisioning Landscape: Situations and Standpoints in Archaeology and Heritage. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA.

Hilton, A. (1985). The Kingdom of the Kongo. Clarendon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Holloway, J. E. (1990). The Origins of African-American Culture. In Holloway, J. E. (ed.), Africanisms in American Culture. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, pp. 1-18.

Howard, R. (2002). Black Seminoles in the Bahamas. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Howson, J. E. (1990). Social Relations and Material Culture: A Critique of the Archaeology of Plantation Slavery. Historical Archaeology 24(4): 78-91.

Hurston, Z. N. (1935). Mules and Men. J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.

Jacobson-Widding, A. (1979). Red-White-Black as a Mode of Thought: A Study of Triadic Classification by Colours in the Ritual Symbolism and Cognitive Thought of the Peoples of the Lower Congo. Uppsala University, Stockholm; distributed by Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm.

Jacobson-Widding, A. (1991). The Encounter with the Water Mirror. In Jacobson-Widding, A. (ed.), Body and Space: Symbolic Models of Unity and Division in African Cosmology and Experience. Uppsala University, Stockholm; distributed by Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm, pp. 177-216.

Jamieson, R. W. (1995). Material Culture and Social Death: African-American Burial Practices. Historical Archaeology 29(4): 39-58.

Janzen, J. M. (1977). The Tradition of Renewal in Kongo Religion. In Booth, N. S., Jr. (ed.), African Religions: A Symposium. NOK Publishers, New York, pp. 69-116.

Janzen, J. M. (1982). Lemba 1650-1930: A Drum of Affliction in Africa and the New World. Garland Publishing, New York.

Janzen, J. M. (1985). The Consequences of Literacy in African Religion: The Kongo Case. In van Binsbergen, W., and Schoffleers, M. (eds.), Theoretical Explorations in African Religion. KPI Limited, London, pp. 225-252.

Janzen, J. M., and MacGaffey, W. (1974). An Anthology of Kongo Religion: Primary Texts from Lower Zaire. Publications in Anthropology No. 5, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

Jeppson, P. L. (2007). The Archaeology of Freedom and Slavery at the President's House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter June 2007.

Jones, L. (2000). Crystals and Conjuring at the Charles Carroll House, Annapolis, Maryland. African-American Archaeology 27: 1-2.

Jones, S. L. (1985). The African-American Tradition in Vernacular Architecture. In The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life. Theresa A. Singleton, ed. Academic Press, New York, pp 195-214.

Joseph, J. W. (1986). Highway 17 Revisited: The Archaeology of Task Labor in the Lowcountry of Georgia and South Carolina. Paper presented at Society for Historical Archaeology, Savannah, Georgia.

Joseph, J. W. (1989). Pattern and Process in the Plantation Archaeology of the Lowcountry of Georgia and South Carolina. Historical Archaeology 23(1): 55-68.

Joseph, J. W. (2007). One More Look Into the Water -- Colonoware in South Carolina Rivers and Charleston's Market Economy. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter June 2007.

Kelso, W. M. (1976). The Colonial Silent Majority: Tenant, Servant and Slave Settlement Sites at Kingsmill Virginia. Paper presented at the American Anthropological Association 75th annual meeting, Washington D.C.

Kelso, W. M. (1984). Kingsmill Plantations, 1619-1800. Academic Press, San Francisco.

Kelso, W. M. (1986). The Archaeology of Slave Life at Monticello. Journal of New World Archaeology IV: 4

Klingelhofer, E. (1987). Aspects of Early Afro-American Material Culture: Artifacts from the Slave Quarters in Garrison Plantation, Maryland. Historical Archaeology 21(2): 112-119.

Kowal, A. C. (2007). Autonomous, but Shackled: A Community Model of Slave Life and its Archaeological Testing. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter March 2007.

Laguerre, M. S. (1980). Voodoo Heritage. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, California.

Laman, K. E. (1953). The Kongo I. Studies Ethnographica Upsaliensia IV, Almqvist and Wiksells, Uppsalla, Sweden.

Laman, K. E. (1957). The Kongo II. Studies Ethnographica Upsaliensia IV, Almqvist and Wiksells, Uppsalla, Sweden.

Laman, K. E. (1962). The Kongo III. Studies Ethnographica Upsaliensia IV, Almqvist and Wiksells, Uppsalla, Sweden.

Laman, K. E. (1968). The Kongo IV. Studies Ethnographica Upsaliensia IV, Almqvist and Wiksells, Uppsalla, Sweden.

Lees, W. B. (1979). Pattern and Meaning of Colono-Indian Ceramics at Limerick Plantation, South Carolina. Pattern and Meaning 1(4).

Lees, W. , and K. M. Kimery-Lees (1979). The Function of Colono-Indian Ceramics: Insights from Limerick Plantation. Historical Archaeology 13: 1-13.

Leone, M. P. (2005). Archaeology of Liberty in an American Capital: Excavations in Annapolis. University of California Press.

Leone, M. P., and Fry, G. (1999). Conjuring in the Big House Kitchen: An Interpretation of African American Belief Systems Based on the Uses of Archaeology and Folklore Sources. Journal of American Folklore 112(445): 372-403.

Levine, L. W. (1977). Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro- American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom. Oxford University Press, New York.

Logan, G. C. (1995). African Religion in America. In Leone, M. P., and Silberman, N. A. (eds.), Invisible America: Unearthing Our Hidden History. Henry Holt and Company, New York, pp. 154-155.

Long, C. H. (1997). Perspectives for a Study of African-American Religion in the United States. In Fulop, T. E., and Raboteau, A. J. (eds.), African-American Religion: Interpretive Essays in History and Culture. Routledge, New York, pp. 22-35.

Lopes, G. A. (2007). Pernambuco's Slave Trade from Costa da Mina and Transatlantic Competitions in the Early Eighteenth Century. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Sept. 2007.

Lovejoy, P. E. (1989). The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature. Journal of African History 30(3): 365-394.

Lovejoy, P. E. (1997). The African Diaspora: Revisionist Interpretations of Ethnicity, Culture and Religion under Slavery. Studies in the World History of Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation 2(1): 1-22.

Lovejoy, P., and D. Trotman, eds. (2004). Trans-Atlantic Dimensions of Ethnicity in the African Diaspora. Continuum Int'l Publishing Group, New York.

Luna, F., and H. Klein. (2003). Slavery and the Economy of Sao Paolo, 1750-1850. Stanford University Press.

MacGaffey, W. (1986). Religion and Society in Central Africa: The BaKongo of Lower Zaire. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.

MacGaffey, W. (1988a). Complexity, Astonishment and Power: The Visual Vocabulary of Kongo Minkisi. Journal of Southern African Studies 14(2): 188-203.

MacGaffey, W. (1988b). BaKongo Cosmology. The World & I Sept. 1988: 512-521.

MacGaffey, W. (1991). Art and Healing of the BaKongo, Commented by Themselves: Minkisi from the Laman Collection. Folkens Museum- Etnografiska, Stockholm, Sweden; distributed in North America by Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.

MacGaffey, W. (1993). The Eyes of Understanding: Kongo Minkisi. In Williams, S. H., and Driskell, D. C. (eds.), Astonishment and Power. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 21-106.

MacGaffey, W. (2000a). Kongo Political Culture: The Conceptual Challenge of the Particular. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.

MacGaffey, W. (2000b). The Kongo Peoples. In Herreman, F. (ed.), In the Presence of Spirits: African Art from the National Museum of Ethnology, Lisbon. Museum for African Art, New York, and Snoek- Ducaju and Zoon, Gent, Belgium, pp. 35-59.

MacGaffey, W. (2000c). Art and Spirituality. In Jacob K. Olupona (ed.), African Spirituality: Forms, Meanings, and Expressions. Crossroad Publishing, New York, pp. 223-256.

Mathewson, R. D. (1972a). History from the Earth: Archaeological Excavations at Old King's House. Jamaica Journal 6: 3-11.

Mathewson, R. D.(1972b). Jamaican Ceramics: an Introduction to the 18th Century Folk Pottery in West African Tradition. Jamaica Journal 6: 54-56.

Mathewson, R. D. (1973). Archaeological Analysis of Material Culture as a Reflection of Sub-Cultural Differentiation in 18th Century Jamaica. Jamaica Journal 7: 25-29.

Matory, J. L. (2006). The "New World" Surrounds an Ocean: Theorizing the Live Dialogue between African and African American Cultures. In Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, K. A. Yelvington, ed. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.

Mbiti, J. (1970). Concepts of God in Africa. SPCK Press, London.

Mbiti, J. (1990). African Religions and Philosophy. Heinemann Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.

McCarthy, J. P. (1997). Material Culture and the Performance of Sociocultural Identity: Community, Ethnicity, and Agency in the Burial Practices at the First African Baptist Church Cemeteries, Philadelphia, 1810-1841. In American Material Culture, The Shape of the Field, edited by Ann Smart Martin and J. Ritchie Garrison, pp. 359-79. The Henry Frances du Pont Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, DE, and The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

McCarthy, J. P. (2001). "Magic" in the Expression of Identity in Antebellum Philadelphia: Non-Christian Burial Practices at the Cemeteries of the First African Baptist Church. In A Permeability of Boundaries? New Approaches to the Archaeology of Art, Religion, and Folklore, edited by Robert Wallis and Kenneth Lymer, pp. 41-46. BAR International Series S936, Archaeopress, Oxford, UK.

McDavid, C. (2006). The Power of a Name -- Freedmen's Town, Houston. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter March 2006.

McGhee, F. (2007). Maritime Archaeology and the African Diaspora. In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

McKee, L. (1995). The Earth is Their Witness. The Sciences 35(2): 36-41.

McNeil, D. (2006). American Demands, African Treasures, Mixed Possibilities. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Dec. 2006.

Metraux, A. (1972). Voodoo in Haiti. Schocken Books, New York.

Michie, J. L. (1987). Status Patterning and Recycling Behavior on Richmond Hill Plantation, Georgetown County, South Carolina. South Carolina Antiquities 19(1&2): 49-57.

Miles, T., and S. P. Holland (eds.) (2006). Crossing Waters, Crossing Worlds: The African Diaspora in Indian Country. Duke University Press, Durham, NC.

Mintz, S. W. (1989). Caribbean Transformations. Columbia University Press, New York.

Mintz, S. W., and Price, R. (1976). An Anthropological Approach to the Afro-American Past: A Caribbean Perspective. ISHI Occasional Papers in Social Change, Volume 2, Institute for the Study of Human Issues, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Mintz, S. W., and Price R. (1992). The Birth of African-American Culture: an Anthropological Perspective. Beacon Press, Boston.

Mitchell, P. (2005). African Connections: Archaeological Perspectives on Africa and the Wider World. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California.

Morgan, P. D. (1998). Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake & Lowcountry. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

Mouer, L. D., et al. (1999). Colonoware Pottery, Chesapeake Pipes, and "Uncritical Assumptions." In Singleton, T. A. (ed.), "I, Too, Am America:" Archaeological Studies of African-American Life. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. 83-115.

Mulira, J. G. (1990). The Case of Voodoo in New Orleans. In Holloway, J. E. (ed.), Africanisms in American Culture. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, pp. 34-68.

Mullins, P. R.(1999). Race and Affluence: an Archaeology of African America and Consumer Culture. Plenum Publishers, New York.

Mullins-Moore, S. (1981). The Antebellum Barrier Island Plantation: In Search of an Archaeological Pattern. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville.

Mullins-Moore, S. (1985). Social and Economic Status on the Coastal Plantation: An Archaeological Perspective. In The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life. edited by Theresa A. Singleton. Academic Press, New York.

Mulroy, K. (2007). The Seminole Freedmen: A History.. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK.

Naro, N. P., Roca, R. S., and Treece, D. H. (2007). Cultures of the Lusophone Black Atlantic. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.

Nicholson, D. (1979). The Dating of West Indian Historic Sites by the Analysis of Ceramic Sherds. Journal of the Virgin Islands Archaeological Society 7: 52-74.

Noel Hume, I. (1962a). An Indian Ware of the Colonial Period. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Virginia 17(1).

Noel Hume, I. (1962b). Excavations at Rosewell in Gloucester County, Virginia, 1957-1958. United States National Museum Bulletin 225, Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, Paper 18. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.

Noel Hume, I. (1966). Excavations at Tutter's Neck in James City County, Virginia, 1960-1961. United States National Museum Bulletin 249 Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, Paper 53. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.

Ogundiran, A., and T. Falola (2007). Pathways in the Archaeology of Transatlantic Africa. In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Ogundiran, A., and T. Falola (eds.) (2007). Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

Omari-Tunkara, M. (2005). Manipulating the Sacred: Yoruba Art, Ritual, and Resistance in Brazilian Candomble. Wayne State University Press, Lansing, Michigan.

Orser, C. E., Jr. (1984). The Past Ten Years of Plantation Archaeology in the Southeastern Untied States. Southeastern Archaeology 3: 1-12.

Orser, C. E., Jr. (1988). The Material Basis of the Postbellum Tenant Plantation: Historical Archaeology in the South Carolina Piedmont. University of Georgia Press.

Orser, C. E., Jr. (1994). The Archaeology of African-American Slave Religions in the Antebellum South. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4 (1): 33-45.

Orser, C. E., Jr. (2001). Archaeology and Slave Resistance and Rebellion. World Archaeology 33(1): 61-72.

Orser, C. E., Jr. (2003). Race and Practice in Archaeological Interpretation. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.

Orser, C. E., Jr., and Skibo, J. M. (eds.) (2001). Race and the Archaeology of Identity. University of Utah Press.

Otto, J. S. (1975). Status Differences and the Archaeological Record -- A Comparison of Planter, Overseer, and Slave Sites from Cannon's Point Plantation (1794-1861), St. Simons Island, Georgia. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Florida, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.

Otto, J. S. (1977a). Artifacts and Status Differences: A Comparison of Ceramics from Planter, Overseer, and Slave Sites on an Antebellum Plantation. In Research Strategies in Historical Archaeology. S. South, ed. New York: Academic Press, pp. 91-118.

Otto, J. S. (1977b). Slavery in a Coastal Slave Community Glynn County, 1790-1860. Georgia Historical Quarterly 64(4): 461-468.

Otto, J. S. (1979). A New Look at Slave Life. Natural History 88(1): 8-30.

Otto, J. S. (1984). Cannon's Point Plantation, 1794-1860: Living Conditions and Status Patterns in the Old South. Orlando: Academic Press.

Parent, A. (2003). Foul Means: The Formation of a Slave Society in Virginia, 1660-1740. North Carolina University Press, Chapel Hill.

Patten, D. (1992). Mankala and Minkisi: Possible Evidence of African American Folk Beliefs and Practices. African-American Archaeology 6: 5-7.

Paynter, R. (1982). Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.

Penningroth, D. C. (2003). The Claims of Kinfolk: African American Property and Community in the Nineteenth-Century South. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

Perdue, C. L., Jr., Barden, T. E., and Phillips, R. K. (eds.) (1976). Weevils in the Wheat: Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Perry, W., and Paynter, R. (1999). Artifacts, Ethnicity, and the Archaeology of African Americans. In Singleton, T. A. (ed.), "I, Too, Am America:" Archaeological Studies of African-American Life. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, pp. 299-310.

Posnansky, M. (1972). Archaeology, Ritual and Religion. In Ranger, T. O., and Kimambo, I. N. (eds.), The Historical Study of African Religion. Heinemann, London, pp. 29-44.

Posnansky, M. (1999). West Africanist Reflections on African- American Archaeology. In Singleton, T. A. (ed.), "I, Too, Am America:" Archaeological Studies of African-American Life. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, pp. 21-37.

Powdermaker, H. (1939). After Freedom: A Cultural Study in the Deep South. Viking Press, New York.

Price, R. (2006). "On the Miracle of Creolization." In Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, K. A. Yelvington, ed. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.

Price, R. (2007). Travels with Tooy: History, Memory, and the African American Imagination. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Price, R. (ed.) (1979). Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Price, S. (2006). Seaming Connections: Artworlds of the African Diaspora. In Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, K. A. Yelvington, ed. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.

Price, S., and R. Price. (1980). Afro-American Arts of the Suriname Rain Forest. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Prince, S. R. (2006). Manhattan Africans: Contradiction, Continuity, and Authenticity in a Colonial Heritage. In Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, K. A. Yelvington, ed. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.

Pulis, J. W. (2006). "Important Truths" and "Pernicious Follies": Texts, Covenants, and the Anabaptist Church of Jamaica. In Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, K. A. Yelvington, ed. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.

Raboteau, A. J. (1980). Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Rankin-Hill, L. (1997). A Biohistory of 19th-Century Afro-Americans: The Burial Remains of a Philadelphia Cemetery. Bergin and Garvey, Westport, Connecticut.

Rathbun, T. A. and J. D. Scurry (1985). Status and Health in Colonial South Carolina: Belleview Plantation, 1738-1756. In Skeletal Analysis and the Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Health. D. Martin, ed. Research Report No. 25. Amherst: Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts.

Rawick, G. P. (1978). Some Notes on a Social Analysis of Slavery: A Critique and Assessment of "The Slave Community." In Gilmore, A. (ed.), Revisiting Blassingame's "The Slave Community": The Scholars Respond. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, pp. 17-26.

Reitz, E. J., T. Gibbs, and T. A. Rathbun (1985). Archaeological Evidence for Subsistence on Coastal Plantations. In The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life, edited by Theresa A. Singleton. Academic Press, New York.

Richardson, D. (1989). Slave Exports from West and West-Central Africa, 1700-1810: New Estimates of Volume and Distribution. Journal of African History 30: 1-22.

Sadler, N. (2007). The Trouvadore Project: The Legacy of a Sunken Slave Ship. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Sept. 2007.

Salwen, B., and S. Bridges. (1974). The Ceramics from the Weeksville Excavations, Brooklyn, New York. Northeast Historical Archaeology 3(1): 4-29.

Samford, P. (1996). The Archaeology of African-American Slavery and Material Culture. William and Mary Quarterly (3d series) 53(1): 87-114.

Samford, P. (1999). Strong is the Bond of Kinship: West African-Style Ancestor Shrines on African-American Quarters. In Historical Archaeology, Identity Construction, and the Interpretation of Ethnicity, Maria Franklin and Garrett Fesler, eds, pp. 71-91. Colonial Williamsburg Research Publications, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Saunders, J. (1982). The Material Manisfestations of Social Stratification among Tenant Farming Families. In Settlement of the Prairie Margin: Archaeology of the Richland Creek Reservoir, Navarro and Freestone Counties, Texas 1980-1981. Archaeological Monographs, No. 1, edited by Mark Raab, pp 179-192. Southern Methodist University.

Savino, G. (2007). Misterios: The Making of a Documentary As a Way of Exploring One's Own Faith. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter March 2007.

Schávelzon, D. (2007). The Vanishing People: Archaeology of the African Population in Buenos Aires. In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Schroedl, G. F. and Ahlman, T. (2002). The Maintenance of Cultural and Personal Identities of Enslaved Africans and British Soldiers at the Brimstone Hill Fortress, St. Kitts, West Indies. Historical Archaeology 36(4): 38-49.

Schuyler, R. L. (1972). Sandy Ground: Archaeological Sampling in a Black Community in Metropolitan New York. Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Papers 7: 13-52.

Schuyler, R. L. (ed.) (1980). Archaeological Perspectives on Ethnicity in America: Afro-American and Asian American Culture History. Baywood Publishing Company, New York.

Schroeder, H. and K. A. Shuler (2006). Isotopic Investigations at Newton Plantation, Barbados. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Sept. 2006.

Scully, P., and D. Paton (eds.) (2005). Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World. Duke University Press, Durham, NC.

Sengova, J. (2006). "My Mother Dem Nyus to Plan’ Reis": Reflections on Gullah/Geechee Creole Communication, Connections, and the Construction of Cultural Identity. In Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, K. A. Yelvington, ed. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.

Shackel, P. A. (2003). Heyward Shepherd: The Faithful Slave Memorial. Historical Archaeology 37(3): 138-148.

Shenkel, J. R. and J. Hudson. (1971). Historic Archaeology in New Orleans. Conference on Historic Site Archaeology Papers 6: 40-44.

Shorter, A. (1972). Symbolism, Ritual and History: An Examination of the Work of Victor Turner. In Ranger, T. O., and Kimambo, I. N. (eds.), The Historical Study of African Religion. Heinemann, London, pp. 139-149.

Singleton, T. A. (1980). The Archaeology of Afro-American Slavery in Coastal Georgia: a Regional Perception of Slave Household and Ccommunity Patterns. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville.

Singleton, T. A. (1984). The Slave Tag: An Artifact of Urban Slavery. South Carolina Antiquities 16(1-2): 41-65.

Singleton, T. A. (1985). Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life. Academic Press, New York.

Singleton, T. A. (1999). An Introduction to African-American Archaeology. In Singleton, T. A. (ed.), "I, Too, Am America:" Archaeological Studies of African-American Life. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, pp. 1-17.

Singleton, T. A. (2006). African Diaspora Archaeology in Dialogue. In Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, K. A. Yelvington, ed. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.

Singleton, T. A. and Bograd, M. D. (1995). The Archaeology of the African Diaspora in the Americas. Guide to the Archaeological Literature of the Immigrant Experience in America, No. 2. Society for Historical Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona.

Sobel, M. (1987). The World They Made Together: Black and White Values in Eighteenth-Century Virginia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

Sperling, C. I. (2007). Agriculture and Slavery in Prince George's County, Maryland. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter March 2007.

Stine, L. F., Cabak, M. A., and Groover, M. D. (1996). Blue Beads as African-American Cultural Symbols. Historical Archaeology 30(3): 49-75.

Stuckey, S. (1987). Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America. Oxford University Press, New York.

Sweeney, J. L. (2007). Caribs, Maroons, Jacobins, Brigands, and Sugar Barons: The Last Stand of the Black Caribs on St. Vincent. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter March 2007.

Thomas, B. W. (1995). Source Criticism and the Interpretation of African-American Sites. Southeastern Archaeology 14(2): 149-157.

Thompson, R. F. (1983). Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy. Random House, New York.

Thompson, R. F. (1990). Kongo Influences on African-American Artistic Culture. In Holloway, J. E. (ed.), Africanisms in American Culture. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, pp. 148-184.

Thompson, R. F. (1993). Face of the Gods: Art and Altars of Africa and African Americas. The Museum for African Art, New York.

Thompson, R. F. (1997). Translating the World into Generousness. Res, Autumn, 1997, 32: 19-36.

Thompson, R. F., and Cornet, J. (1981). The Four Moments of the Sun: Kongo Art in Two Worlds. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.

Thornton, J. K. (1977). Demography and History in the Kingdom of the Kongo, 1550-1750. Journal of African History 18(4): 507-530.

Thornton, J. K. (1983). The Kingdom of the Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641-1718. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin.

Thornton, J. K. (1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Thorpe, S. A. (1991). African Traditional Religions. University of South Africa, Pretoria.

Torres, A. (2006). Collecting Puerto Ricans. In Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, K. A. Yelvington, ed. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.

Van Wing, J. (1941). Bakongo Magic. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 71(1): 85-98.

Vansina, J. (1966). Kingdoms of the Savanna. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin.

Vlach, J. M. (1991). By the Work of Their Hands: Studies in Afro-American Folklife. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville.

Vlach, J. M. (1993). Back of the Big House: The Architecture of Plantation Slavery. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

Wade, P. (2006). Understanding "Africa" and "Blackness" in Colombia: Music and the Politics of Culture. In Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, K. A. Yelvington, ed. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.

Walker, D. (2004). No More, No More: Slavery and Cultural Resistance in Havana and New Orleans. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

Walsh, L. (1997). From Calabar to Carter's Grove: The History of a Virginia Slave Community. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville.

Walsh, L. (2001). The Chesapeake Slave Trade: Regional Patterns, African Origins, and Some Implications. William & Mary Quarterly (3d series), 58(1): 139-170.

Wares, Lydia Jean (1981). Dress of the African American Woman in Slavery and Freedom: 1500 to 1935. PhD Dissertation, Department of History, Purdue University. UMI, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Weik, T. (2007). Allies, Adversaries, and Kin in the African Seminole Communities of Florida: Archaeology at Pilaklikaha. In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Wheaton, T. R. Jr., and P. H. Garrow. (1985). Acculturation and the Archaeological Record in the Carolina Low Country. In The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life. Theresa A. Singleton, ed. Academic Press, New York.

White, S. and White, G. (1995). Slave Clothing and African-American Culture in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Past & Present 148: 149-186.

Wills, D. W. (1997). The Central Themes of American Religious History: Pluralism, Puritanism, and the Encounter of Black and White. In Fulop, T. E., and Raboteau, A. J. (eds.), African-American Religion: Interpretive Essays in History and Culture. Routledge, New York, pp. 8-20.

Wilkie, L. A. (1995). Magic and Empowerment on the Plantation: An Archaeological Consideration of African-American World View. Southeastern Archaeology 14(2): 136-148.

Wilkie, L. A. (1996). Medicinal Teas and Patent Medicines: African-American Women's Consumer Choices and Ethnomedical Traditions at a Louisiana Plantation. Southeastern Archaeology 15(2): 119-131.

Wilkie, L. A. (1997). Secret and Sacred: Contextualizing the Artifacts of African-American Magic and Religion. Historical Archaeology 31(4): 81-106.

Wilkie, L. A. (2000). Creating Freedom: Material Culture and African American Identity at Oakley Plantation, Louisiana, 1840-1950. Louisiana State University Press.

Wilkie, L. A. (2003). The Archaeology of Mothering: An African-American Midwife's Tale. Routledge, London.

Wilkie, L. A., and P. Farnsworth (2005). Sampling Many Pots: An Archaeology of Memory and Tradition at a Bahamian Plantation. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Yates, E. (2006). History and Archaeology of a Caribbean Plantation. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter June 2006.

Yelvington, K. A. (2006). The Invention of Africa in Latin America and the Caribbean: Political Discourse and Anthropological Praxis, 1920–1940. In Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, K. A. Yelvington, ed. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.

Yelvington, K. A., ed. (2006). Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.

Yentsch, A. E. (1994). A Chesapeake Family and their Slaves: A Study in Historical Archaeology. Cambridge University Press.

Yinger, J. M. (1994). Ethnicity: Source of Strength? Source of Conflict? State University of New York Press, Albany, New York.

Young, A. L. (1996). Archaeological Evidence of African-style Ritual and Healing Practices in the Upland South. Tennessee Anthropologist 21(2): 139-155.

Young, A. L. (1997). Risk Management Strategies among African- American Slaves at Locust Grove Plantation. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 1(1): 5-37.

Young, A. L. (2004). The Beginning and Future of African American Archaeology in Mississippi. Historical Archaeology 38(1): 66-78.

Return to Resource Links on
African-American Archaeology

Learn more about
African-American Archaeology

dividing bar

Created and maintained by
Christopher C. Fennell
Dep't of Anthropology
University of Illinois
Urbana-Champaign

Last updated:
January 13, 2008




About ADAN Web Resources Overview Research projects Newsletter Discussion groups Workshops and Forums